Italy, the Most Famous Source for Marble

1919

Italy is one of the world's most famous sources of supply for both art and building marbles, and marble, granite and building stones are the common materials used for buildings in that country. Venice is a fireproof city, built of stone of Istria and marble; and the foundations and first courses, at least, of all palaces, public and municipal buildings, government and business edifices are of these materials.

The most important quarries in the Veneto are at and near Verona, the Veronese red and yellow marbles having been favorite building stones since the time when the Coliseum at Verona was constructed. For building, they rank next to the stone of Istria in popularity, and are true marbles, while the stone of Istria is not a true marble, although a very hard limestone, that is much used in Venice, because it resists the action of salt water.

Besides their value for construction, the Veronese marbles are in great demand for decorative work. Among the names of the several varieties of Veronese marbles are white nembro, coral pink, white peach, partridge eye, yellow snail, yellow azure, and paradise.

Stone Man Dug Up in Rio Grande Valley

1915

Deep Mystery Still Veils Queer Find

Now in Warehouse to Await Decision of Scientists — Cartridge Shell Found Near Body

El Paso, Texas, is now likely to get some publicity as a result of the discovery of the form of a man in stone in the Rio Grande Valley. The discovery was made by J. K. Mann of Highland Park, who is rather reticent regarding the exact location of his find.

Mr. Mann is taking great care of his find and it is kept in a bonded warehouse in El Paso and is guarded as carefully as would be an equal amount of virgin gold.

Opening a heavy case containing his discovery, Mr. Mann said that what he would show the writer would be in the nature of a surprise. The scribe then put a query, "What is it?"

"That's just the question, What is it?" said Mr. Mann. "I am making absolutely no claim regarding it. I will simply say that it was dug up from the ground and that it is a Texas product. I have my own ideas what it is, but they may not be in line with what learned men will tell us later, and I am anxious to have their opinions."

Has Human Form

Turning back the covering, Mr. Mann disclosed what appeared to be a human form in some sort of bronze. The writer was then given a chance to make a careful inspection and it was seen that the body — for that is the easiest way to refer to the discovery — was not bronze, but apparently stone.

A close inspection revealed lines and pores similar to those in a human skin. Part of the abdomen was missing and the cavity bore the look of a piece of stone broken away. In the left breast was an indention, and Mr. Mann produced an old and much rusted cartridge, which, he declared, was found near the body when it was dug up.

This cartridge was evidently from a large-bore gun and was made in the days when the whole base of the cartridge was a cap, which would be discharged by the hammer of the gun hitting it anywhere, This cap had been discharged by a gun with a strong hammer, for the firing pin had been driven thru the cap.

Right Hand Has Extra Finger

The "body" is in a reclining position, the left arm supporting the head, while the right arm is thrown across the breast and the hand rests in front of the "body." One peculiarity of the "body" is that the right hand has two perfectly formed index fingers — five fingers and a thumb in all. The lips have been slightly worn away and three white teeth are visible. If the "body" is that of a human being turned to stone it must have been that of a young man, probably 18 or 19 years of age, and of a person used to outdoor or a rugged life. The sinews of both arms and legs are quite apparent. The hips are small, but well developed.

Measurements Given

Accurate measurements were rather difficult, owing to the peculiar posture of the "body." However, the following are approximately correct: Height, 5 feet 6 inches; present weight, 350 pounds; approximate estimate of weight of man similarly built, 120 pounds; measurement around chest, 35 inches; between shoulders at back, 18 inches; across chest, 16 inches; from shoulder to wrist, 22½ inches; wrist, 7½ inches; neck, 14½ inches; around head above ears, 23 inches; feet, from heel to toe, 9½ inches; knee to heel, 17½ inches; biceps, 12 inches; around knee, 13½ inches; around hips 36 inches; from instep to crotch, 29 inches; waist, 28 inches.

Questioned closely as to the whereabouts of the discovery, Mr. Mann stated: "I have my own reasons for not being too explicit regarding the exact location of my discovery. I have reason to believe that there are further discoveries to be made in that same location.

"I am in El Paso for my health, and I hope to resume my explorations within a couple of months. Just what I will do with my discovery I cannot say at the present time. I intend to have some experts examine it in the near future, and make a report. Very few people know of it at the present time, but those who do know have been impressed."

—Saturday Blade, Chicago, Dec. 18, 1915, p. 9.

Wire Replacing Old-Time Fence

1921

Stone Walls, Split Rails and Hedges Rapidly Being Discarded by Farm Owners

MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS

Essential That Ends and Cornets Be Erected Firm and Solid—Posts Should Be Large Enough to Give Needed Strength.

(Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.)

Of all the changes wrought in the farming industry during the last century none is more noticeable than that in fencing, say specialists of the United States Department of Agriculture. All over the Eastern United States there are hundreds of miles of stonewall fences which are monuments to the patience and thoroughness of earlier generations. Overlapping this territory, and extending west, are found fences of split rails, with their familiar weeds and berry bushes in the angles, while still farther west, where there was neither wood nor stone, are seen osage orange and other hedges. These are natural productions of the time.

The farmer usually finds today that barbed-wire or woven-wire fence will best serve his ends for new construction, and at the same time cost the least. Barbed wire is used on large stock ranges where the loss of one or two animals through wire cutting is not serious, but for the farmer with fine horses, or a selected herd of cattle, large mesh woven-wire fences are coming more into use.

Ends and Corners.

The manner in which the fence is erected has much to do with its service. The ends and corners are by far the most important elements of a fence. It is essential that they remain firm and solid in order to hold the fence rigid. The first thing to consider is placing the corners. The posts used should be large enough to give sufficient strength; they should be set deep enough to prevent heaving by the action of frost; they should be braced from each direction of tension by a stout rail about 12 feet long.

Metal and concrete posts are on the market, but a great many farmers cling to wooden ones. The line posts should be approximately 4 inches in diameter. Various woods are Used, including osage orange, locust, red cedar, mulberry and burr oak. They should be thoroughly seasoned and the bark removed, and to get the longest life should be dipped in creosote at a temperature of about 220 degrees, long enough for the preservative to penetrate the wood. These posts are best set in the spring after the frost is out and when the ground is soft. On level ground they may be driven with a maul, but in depressions should be anchored down by 2 by 4 cross pieces spiked on the bottom of the post before setting. The distance between posts depends on the location of the fence and the numbers and kinds of stock to be turned, the average in field fences being about 20 feet.

To construct a woven-wire fence properly it is necessary to have a woven-wire stretcher, a single-wire stretcher to be used in attaching the fence to the end posts, a pair of wire cutters, a barbed-wire stretcher, a splicing tool, and hammers for stapling and fastening the wire. Barbed and woven wire may be unrolled by attaching the reel to the back of a wagon or by running a bar through the core and drawing it along with a horse.

Stretching the Wire.

After the wire is unrolled it should be drawn up to the line of posts and freed from adhering trash. The stretchers are then attached and the line wires drawn until they are so taut that they can just be pressed together. Some slack may be allowed for uneven ground. In fastening the wire on the posts the line wire should be kept as nearly horizontal as possible and allowed to follow small irregularities in the ground. The staples should permit horizontal movement of the wire, allowing the weight of the fence to come directly on the corner posts, thus taking care of contraction and expansion due to weather conditions. A woven-wire fence is not complete without a strand of barbed wire above it; this prevents the stock from reaching over and crowding it down.